#005 a heterogeneous interior2021 —, ongoing
A Heterogeneous Interior addresses the challenges posed by extreme weather conditions and growing energy instability by exploring experimental approaches to managing interior environments. The research proposes architectural strategies that allow for multiplicity of indoor climates and environmental management.
    To bridge academic exploration with real-world applications, the project culminates in the construction of a full-scale environmental test-house in Michoacán, Mexico, currently underway. This structure combines passive building technologies with contemporary methods that offer alternatives to traditional air conditioning. Post-construction, the test-house will serve as a living laboratory, utilizing thermal instrumentation, interviews, and observational studies to measure and analyze conditions such as temperature, humidity, and user experiences.
    At the heart of the test-house lies a centralized "thermal mass" element that merges the utility core and central hearth into a cruciform design. This thermal mass subdivides the cubic volume into four quadrants, each capable of hosting unique thermal and environmental conditions. Additional active heating and cooling strategies are deployed throughout the house to explore hybrid approaches to interior comfort.
    The project challenges traditional methodologies in building science, which often rely on "steady state" analysis to study isolated building components under fixed conditions. By constructing and operating a full-scale structure in a dynamic external environment, the test-house enables the study of time-dependent factors, including diurnal and annual cycles, as well as the synthesis of hybrid passive conditioning methods. The project highlights the complexities of hybridity, emphasizing the need for built environments that account for dynamic, heterogeneous interior conditions, and allowing for iterative modifications through demolition and addition over time.

Type: Test Building, Design-Research, Construction, Building Performance
Location: Michoacán, Mexico
Date: 2021— ongoing 
Team: Liz Gálvez, Clare Ai
Former: Annette Ho, David Lin


#004 from wood to tree2021 —, ongoing
Currently, logging practices primarily extract logs to be processed for lumber while leaving behind branches and leaves. These decompose quickly and their nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients are quickly taken up by the surrounding environment. Yet, this absence of ‘liter and woody biomass’ is a factor leading to thinner, less nutritious soils. Larger logs, or the woody parts of trees composed primarily of lignin and carbon decompose slowly and offer refugia to a variety of living things. For example, the form and qualities of a nurse log invite saplings and other critters, while its biodegradability invites below-ground symbiotic fungi. These above and below-ground ecosystem interactions play a vital role in carbon and nutrient cycling. Neukom Vivarium is a hybrid work of sculpture, architecture, and environment. It features a “found” sixty-foot-long "nurse log". The log has been removed from the forest ecosystem and now inhabits an art system. Its ongoing decay and renewal represent nature as a complex system of cycles and processes. 
    The manufacture of dimensioned wood products to be used for building construction material continues as a source of demand for renewable building materials. Therefore, it is important to promote forest stewardship as ethically and continued sources of supply are dependent on forest health. From Wood to Tree acknowledges entropic, time-based material cycles enabling the forest environment to digest reclaimed wood, eventually increasing soil health and promoting forest growth. This process suggests the reversal of wood extraction from the forest and suggests how lumber products (and their matter) might be returned (reinserted) to tree inhabiting environments.
   From Wood to Tree explores methodologies for returning reclaimed lumber to the forest exploring material circularity in a more radical stance where humans and construction are not the main, not only protagonists to benefit from material cycling.

Type: Pavillion, Design-Research, Materials
Location: The Dell, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
Date: March 15, 2021
Team: Liz Gálvez, Sarah Zhang, Chloe Wang
Former: Ignis Zhang, Meredith Magness
Photography: David Alf, Meredith Magness, Katie McDonald

#003 comfort, collectively2024 —, ongoing
As the threat of extreme heat grows in desert cities, the concept of a cooling center is vital yet remains largely misunderstood and underutilized. Today's cooling centers are often rudimentary, designated spaces with a sign out front, where any existing building or vast spaces like stadiums or warehouses are transformed temporarily to provide a brief respite from the heat. Such setups, however, fall short of fostering a sense of community or addressing the deeper, ongoing needs of those they serve. Many of these centers lack essential amenities like food, internet, and engaging activities, making it hard for people to imagine spending hours there, no matter how dangerously hot it might be outside.

Collective Comfort explores the potential for a new, integrated approach to community cooling. This exhibit envisions cooling centers not merely as air-conditioned spaces but as hubs of collective comfort that prioritize resilience through social engagement and collective bodily joy. In rethinking these spaces, these design prototypes examine how architecture can foster environments that don’t merely cool but actively bring people together. Drawing inspiration from ancient desert civilizations, where communal interaction and sensory pleasure were crucial, the exhibition reconsiders how design can promote both thermal comfort and community well-being. 

Moving away from the homogeneity of standardized cooling, these designs allow for a range of thermal experiences, inviting visitors to explore how diverse spaces can serve distinct programs. At the heart of this approach is a challenge to the reliance on fossil-fuel-based, single-family home cooling, proposing instead a shift toward collective resilience. Through these spaces, neighborhoods can redefine comfort and deepen their understanding of climate adaptation—creating cooling centers that serve as pillars of social resilience. Through detailed design studies, spatial frameworks, and material prototypes focused on the Phoenix Metro Area, Collective Comfort offers new visions for resilience as part of the cultural and physical landscape. 


Type: Exhibition, Design-Research, Materials
Location: Center for Architecture + Design, San Francisco
Date: Nov 21 — Feb 06, 2024
Team: Liz Gálvez,  Annette Ho, Kyra Johnston, David Lin, Chloe Wang
Photography: Matthew Millman

#002 prepared mass2024
In desert environments, thermally massive buildings and their architects can “prepare mass” that enables human habitation in hot, arid climates. Historically, thermally massive buildings made of earth, stone, and clay regulated indoor temperatures by taking advantage of wide diurnal swing that consisted of high daytime temperatures with low nighttime temperatures. Heat absorbed into the mass during the day was released at night. 


Today, nightime temperatures no longer drop significantly enough to enable such intelligent and low energy, passive material strategies. A high volume of concrete and asphalt in desert cities creates an urban heat island effect where sidewalks, parking lots and streets radiate the heat they have collected during the day off at night. With little to no night time cooling available in desert cities, can the material intelligence of thermal mass, stack ventilation and energy storage still be harnessed to prevent buildings from overheating? Designers need to update how we build with thermal mass to engage with contemporary construction methods, industries, and trends of hot nightime temperatures in a changed desert climate. The exhibit displays three full-scale building portions or prototypes for incorporating these ancient and intelligent material technologies into contemporary construction methods.


Type: Exhibition, Design-Research, Materials
Location: Center for Architecture + Design, San Francisco
Date: Nov 21 — Feb 06, 2024
Graphics: Bianca Ibarlucea
Team: Deniz Atayolu, Catherine Chiu, Xinhui Harper Dong, David Lin, Chloe Wang, Wenteng Zhao
Photography: Matthew Millman

#001 collective comfort2024, ongoing
The (Im)material Matters Lab at the University of California, presents Collective Comfort: Airing on Possibilities, an innovative exhibition examining climate resilience in desert cities. Opening November 21, 2024, at the Center for Architecture + Design in San Francisco, the exhibition highlights design-research, full-scale prototypes, and student work that address the urgent need for alternative cooling solutions in regions facing extreme heat.

Type: Exhibition, Design-Research, Materials
Location: Center for Architecture + Design, San Francisco
Date: Nov 21 — Feb 06, 2024
Graphics: Bianca Ibarlucea

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